Category: Personal Reasoning and Imitation
Religious opinion - فَتْوَى
Giving a non-binding religious ruling.
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Independent reasoning - اجتهاد
A scholar making his best efforts to reach a secondary Shariah ruling based on the relevant proofs.
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Deductive reasoning - اِسْتِنْباطٌ
"Istinbāt": deduce. It is derived from "anbat", which means "extract" and originally comes from "nabat", which is the water that comes out of the well immediately after it is dug up.
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Diligent thinker Jurisprudent - مُجْتَهِدٌ
"Mujtahid": someone who exerts his utmost efforts to reach something. It is derived from "jahd", which means: hardship, tiredness. Other meanings: an earnest pursuer of a certain goal.
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Jurisprudence - فِقْهٌ
"Fiqh": realizing, knowing. "It is derived from "faqīh", which means: scholar, knowledgeable person. Original meaning: opening, splitting; hence, knowledge was called "fiqh" because the person who has knowledge cuts through meanings and opens up what is closed (ambiguous) thereof. Other meanings: understanding.
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Giving religious Fatwa/rulings - إفتاء
"Iftā’": the answer to a question. Other meanings: clarification of something obscure or confusing.
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Seeking fatwa - اسْتِفْتَاءٌ
"Istiftā’": seeking "fatwa", which is an explanation or interpretation of something. It is derived from "futuwwah", which means strength - and "fata", which means: a strong, young man. Other meanings: inquiring, asking, seeking counsel, exploring.
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Layman - عَامِّيٌّ
"‘Āmmi" (pl. ‘awāmm): a noun that is attributed to "‘āmmah", which means multitudes of people. It is derived from "‘umūm", which means: comprehensiveness and encompassing - and from "‘ama", which means blindness. A "‘āmmi" is a person who cannot see the way.
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Legally considered personal reasoning - اجْتِهَادٌ مُعْتَبَرٌ
Legally accepted personal reasoning whose general and special conditions are fulfilled.
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People competent for independent reasoning. - أَهْلُ الاجْتِهادِ
Scholars who fulfill the requirements of deducing legal rulings from their proofs.
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Applying general rule to individual case - تَحْقِيقُ المَناطِ
Confirming the presence of the cause, upon which there is an agreement based on a text, consensus or deduction, concerning a disputed case.
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Soundness/Correctness - سداد
Correctness in all statements, actions and intentions.
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Anomaly - شُذُوذُ
Parting company with the main Muslim body by opposing the scholars' consensus and what is valid and correct.
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Opinion/Reasoning - رَأْيٌ
Reasoning and contemplation to extract the sound aspect of a matter and to reach the preponderant view regarding it based on the strongest assumption.
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Auxiliary sciences - عُلُومُ الآلَةِ
A number of sciences which are used as a means to understanding the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
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Legal opinion - فُتْـيا
To inform someone of a religious ruling without obliging him to apply it.
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The Two Disciples - الآخَران
"Al-Ākharan" is a term in the Hanafi school of thought which refers to the two Imams: Abu Yusuf and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan.
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Imitation/Following someone's opinion - تَـقْلِيدٌ
The one who is unable to provide a valid opinion, accepts without a proof the opinion of someone whose opinion doesn't have a Shar`iee value in creed issues.
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Acquired Knowledge - عِلْمٌ مُكْتَسَبٌ
Knowledge that is acquired through investigation and logical inference.
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Speculative knowledge - عِلْمٌ نَظَرِي
Perception based on the mind's thinking, reflection, and inference.
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