Category: Rulings of Personal Reasoning (Ijtihaad)
Independent reasoning - اجتهاد
A scholar making his best efforts to reach a secondary Shariah ruling based on the relevant proofs.
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Deductive reasoning - اِسْتِنْباطٌ
"Istinbāt": deduce. It is derived from "anbat", which means "extract" and originally comes from "nabat", which is the water that comes out of the well immediately after it is dug up.
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Diligent thinker Jurisprudent - مُجْتَهِدٌ
"Mujtahid": someone who exerts his utmost efforts to reach something. It is derived from "jahd", which means: hardship, tiredness. Other meanings: an earnest pursuer of a certain goal.
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Jurisprudence - فِقْهٌ
"Fiqh": realizing, knowing. "It is derived from "faqīh", which means: scholar, knowledgeable person. Original meaning: opening, splitting; hence, knowledge was called "fiqh" because the person who has knowledge cuts through meanings and opens up what is closed (ambiguous) thereof. Other meanings: understanding.
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Legally considered personal reasoning - اجْتِهَادٌ مُعْتَبَرٌ
Legally accepted personal reasoning whose general and special conditions are fulfilled.
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People competent for independent reasoning. - أَهْلُ الاجْتِهادِ
Scholars who fulfill the requirements of deducing legal rulings from their proofs.
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Applying general rule to individual case - تَحْقِيقُ المَناطِ
Confirming the presence of the cause, upon which there is an agreement based on a text, consensus or deduction, concerning a disputed case.
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Auxiliary sciences - عُلُومُ الآلَةِ
A number of sciences which are used as a means to understanding the Qur’an and the Sunnah.
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Speculative knowledge - عِلْمٌ نَظَرِي
Perception based on the mind's thinking, reflection, and inference.
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