مُعَادَّةٌ
English An inheritance case
مُعَادَّةٌ
عرض الترجمات
الإنجليزية
مَسْأَلَةٌ فِي الميراثِ يُشَارِكُ فِيهَا الإِخْوَةُ الأَشِقَّاءُ الإِخْوَةَ لِأَبٍ مَعَ الجَدِّ ، فَإِذَا أَخَذَ الجَدُّ نَصِيبَهُ وَرِثَ الإِخْوَةُ، كَأَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُمْ جَدٌّ.
English An issue of inheritance where full siblings share with half siblings from the father's side along with the grandfather, so when he (the grandfather) takes his share, the siblings inherit as if there is no grandfather sharing with them.
- المُعَادَّةُ مَسْأَلَةٌ مِنْ مَسَائِلِ المِيرَاثِ انْفَرَدَ بِهَا زَيْدٌ مِنْ بَيْنِ الصَّحَابَةِ -رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُمْ- ، وَتَبِعَهُ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الأَئِمَّةِ ، وَهِيَ إِحْدَى المَسَائِلِ السِّتِّ التِّي يَكُونُ الحَاجِبُ فِيهَا غَيْرَ وَارِثٍ ، وَهِيَ مَسَائِلُ مُسْتَثْنَاةٌ مِنَ القَاعِدَةِ الفَرَضِيَّةِ: "كُلُّ مَنْ لاَ يَرِثُ بِحَالٍ فَلا يَحْجُبُ وَارِثًا". وَمَسْأَلَةُ المُعَادَّةِ مَبْنِيَّةٌ عَلَى القَوْل بِتَوْرِيثِ الإِخْوَةِ مَعَ الجَدِّ ، فَأَمَّا عَلَى القَوْلِ الآخَرِ بِأَنَّ الإِخْوَةَ لاَ يَرِثُونَ مَعَ الجَدِّ بِكُلِّ حَالٍ ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا حَاجَةَ لِمَسأَلَةِ المُعَادَّةِ. - المُعَادَّةُ طَرِيقَةٌ فِي بَعْضِ مَسَائِلِ المِيرَاثِ ، وَذَلِكَ بِأَنْ يَجْتَمِعَ مَعَ الجَدِّ إِخْوَةٌ أَشِقَّاءُ وَإِخْوَةٌ لِأَبٍ ، فَنَجْعَلُ الإِخْوَةَ لِأَبٍ إِخْوَةً أَشِقَّاءً لِيُزَاحِمُوا الجَدَّ ، فَإِذَا أَخَذَ الجَدُّ نَصِيبَهُ وَرِثَ الإِخْوَةُ بَيْنَهُمْ ، كَأَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مَعَهُمْ جَدٌّ ، وَحِينَئِذٍ لَا يَخْلُو مِنْ ثَلَاثَةِ أَحْوَالٍ: الأُولَى: أَنْ يَكُونَ فِي الِإخْوَةِ الأَشِقَّاءِ ذُكُورٌ ، فَلَا إِرْثَ لِلْإِخْوَةِ لِأَبٍ بِكُلِّ حَالٍ ؛ لِأَنَّ ذُكُورَ الأَشِقَّاءِ يَحْجُبونَ الإِخْوَةَ لِأَبٍ. مَثَلاً: مَاتَ شَخْصٌ عَنْ جَدٍّ ، وَأَخٍ شَقِيقٍ ، وَأَخَوَيْنِ لِأَبٍ : فَالأَكْثَرُ لِلْجَدِّ وَهُوَ ثُلُثُ المَالِ ؛ لِأَنَّ الإِخْوَةَ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ مِثْلَيْهِ فَيَأْخُذَهُ ، وَالبَاقِي لِلْأَخِ الشَّقِيقِ ، وَلَا شَيْءَ لِلْأَخَوَيْنِ لِأَبٍ. الثَّانِيَةُ: أَنْ يَكُونَ الإِخْوَةُ الأَشِقَّاءُ إِنَاثاً ، اثْنَيْنِ فَأَكْثَرَ ، فَلَا يُتَصَوَّرُ أَنْ يَبْقَى شَيْءٌ لِلْإِخْوَةِ لِأَبٍ ؛ لِأَنَّ أَكْثَرَ مَا يُمْكِنُ أَنْ يَبْقَى بَعْدَ نَصِيبِ الجَدِّ الثُّلُثَانِ ، وَهُمَا فَرْضُ الشَّقِيقَتَيْنِ فَأَكْثَرَ. مَثَلاً: مَاتَ شَخْصٌ عَنْ جَدٍّ ، وَأُخْتَيْنِ شَقِيقَتَيْنِ ، وَأَخَوَيْنِ لِأَبٍ: فَالأَكْثَرُ لِلْجَدِّ ثُلُثُ المَالِ، فَيَأَخُذَهُ ، ثُمَّ يُفْرَضُ لِلْأُخْتَيْنِ الثُّلُثَيْنِ فَتَأْخُذَانِهِمَا وَيَسْقُطُ الَأَخَوانِ. الثَّالِثَةُ: أَنْ يَكُونَ الإِخْوَةُ الأَشِقَّاءُ أُنْثَى وَاحِدَةٌ فَقَطْ ، فَيُفْرَضُ لَهَا النِّصْفُ بَعْدَ أَخْذِ الجَدِّ نَصِيبَهُ ، فَإِنْ بَقِيَ شَيْءٌ أَخَذَهُ الإِخْوَةُ لِأَبٍ ، وَإِلَّا سَقَطُوا. مَثَلاً: مَاتَ شَخْصٌ عَنْ جَدٍّ ، وَأُخْتٍ شَقِيقَةٍ ، وَأَخٍ لِأَبٍ : فَالأَكْثَرُ لِلْجَدِّ المُقَاسَمَةُ ، فَيَأْخُذُ سَهْمَيْنِ مِنْ خَمْسَةٍ ، ثُمَّ يُفْرَضُ لِلْأُخْتِ الشَّقِيقَةِ النِّصْفُ ، فَتَأْخُذَهُ ، وَالبَاقِي لِلْأَخِ لِلْأَبِ.
English Mu‘āddah (an inheritance case) an issue related to the Islamic law of inheritance. Zayd, was the only one of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, who employed this issue, and more than one of the Muslim imams followed his practice in this regard. It is one of the six issues of inheritance where some heirs are excluded from inheritance due to the presence of someone who is not one of the heirs. These are some issues that are an exception to the inheritance rule that states: Anyone who is not entitled to inheritance should not be a reason for an heir to be excluded from inheritance. Ma‘āddah issue is based on the view that siblings may inherit in the presence of a grandfather. However, when the other view suggests that the siblings do not inherit in the presence of a grandfather under any case.
"Mu‘āddah" is an approach employed in some issues of inheritance. When there are full siblings and half siblings from the father's side who share the inheritance with the grandfather, the half siblings from the father's side are treated as full siblings, so they share the inheritance with the grandfather. If the grandfather takes his share, the siblings take their share as if the grandfather is not part of the equation; such an instance can follow either of the following three scenarios:
1. That there are males among the full siblings, in which case there is no inheritance for the half siblings from the father's side. This is because full brothers prevent half siblings from the father's side from inheriting.
For example: a person dies leaving behind a grandfather, a full brother, and two half brothers from the father's side. So the greatest share goes to the grandfather, which is a third of the wealth, because the brothers are more than the like of two of him, so he takes it, and the remainder is for the full brother, and the two half brothers get nothing.
2. That they are all full sisters, two or more. So it cannot be expected that something of the legacy would remain for the half siblings from the father's side, because the most that can remain after the grandfather's share is two thirds, which all belong to the two or more full sisters.
For example: a person dies leaving behind a grandfather, two full sisters, and two half brothers from the father's side. So the most the grandfather can have is one third. Then the two full sisters inherit the other two thirds, and there is nothing left for the two half brothers.
3. That there is only one sister. Then she takes half the legacy as a prescribed share, after the grandfather takes his share. If something remains, the half siblings from the father's side take it, and otherwise they are entitled to nothing.
For example: a person dies leaving behind a grandfather, one sister, and a half brother from the father's side. So the most the grandfather will get is a share in ratio to two shares of five by way of "muqāsamah" (equal sharing), then the full sister receives half the legacy as a prescribed share. The rest is for the half brother from the father's side.
المُسَاهَمَةُ وَالمُشَارَكَةُ ، وَأَصْلُ المُعَادَّةِ مِنَ العَدِّ وَهُوَ الإِحْصَاءُ ، وَفُلاَنٌ عَدِيدُ بَنِي فُلاَنٍ أَيْ يُعَدُّ فِيهِمْ ، وَالاعْتِدَادُ بِالشَّيْءِ: اعْتِبَارُهُ ، وَتَأْتِي المُعَادَّةُ بِمَعْنَى: عَوْدَةِ الشَّيْءِ بَعْدَ انْقِطَاعِهِ.
English "Mu‘āddah": participation. Derived from "‘add", which means to count and enumerate. "‘Adeed": a person counted from a certain people. "I‘tidād": consideration. Other meanings: the return of something after its cessation.
يُطْلِقُ الفُقَهَاءُ المُصْطَلَحَ فِي أَبْوابٍ أُخْرَى مِنْ كِتَابِ المَوَارِيثِ ، كَبَابِ الحَجْبِ ، وَأَحْوَالِ الجَدِّ ، وَمِيراثِ أَصْحَابِ الفُرُوضِ ، وَغَيْرِهَا.
- بِتَشْدِيدِ الدَّالِّ -: المُسَاهَمَةُ وَالمُشَارَكَةُ ، يُقَال: عَادَّهُمُ الشَّيْءَ مُعَادَّةً أَيْ تَسَاهَمُوهُ وَاشْتَرَكُوا فِيهِ ، وَأَصْلُ المُعَادَّةِ مِنَ العَدِّ وَهُوَ الإِحْصَاءُ ، وَفُلاَنٌ عَدِيدُ بَنِي فُلاَنٍ أَيْ يُعَدُّ فِيهِمْ ، وَعَدَّهُ فَاعْتَدَّ أَيْ صَارَ مَعْدُودًا وَاعْتَدَّ بِهِ ، وَالاعْتِدَادُ بِالشَّيْءِ: اعْتِبَارُهُ ، وَتَأْتِي المُعَادَّةُ بِمَعْنَى: عَوْدَةُ الشَّيْءِ بَعْدَ انْقِطَاعِهِ ، يُقَالُ: عَادَّ المَرَضُ فُلَانًا إِذَا تَرَكَهُ زَمَانًا ثُمَّ عَاوَدَهُ.
عدد
العين : ص 79 - لسان العرب : 3 / 283 - المعجم الوسيط : 2 / 587 - العذب الفائض : 1 /113 - الكافي في فقه الإمام أحمد : 2 /298 - شرح مختصر خليل للخرشي : 8 / 202 - المبسوط : 29 /183 - العذب الفائض : 1 /114 - تسهيل الفرائض : ص47 - لسان العرب : 3 /283 -